THE RWANDA GENOCIDE: Causes, Genocide, Aftermath and Lessons.

7^th April is the International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and serves as a reminder of the need for vigilance against genocide and other mass atrocities, and as an opportunity to honor the victims and survivors of the Rwandan genocide. It is a day of remembrance for the genocide that occurred in Rwanda in 1994, during which an estimated more than 800,000 people were killed in just 100 days. 29 years since, what were the causes and how can they be prevented? What was the aftermath and successes? This essay will attempt to answer those questions, and the lessons learnt from this horrific event.

Causes

The roots of the Rwanda genocide can be traced back to the colonial period when Belgium took over control of the region. The Belgians implemented a policy of divide and rule, dividing the population into two groups, Tutsis, who were seen as a ruling elite, and Hutus, who were seen as subservient. This created deep-seated tensions between the two groups that were further exacerbated by the formation of ethnic-based political parties in the post-independence period. The Hutu-led government in the 1990s saw the Tutsis as a threat to their power and encouraged the marginalization and persecution of the Tutsi population.

Genocide

On 6th April 1994, the plane carrying the Rwandan president, Juvénal Habyarimana, was shot down over Kigali, killing him and the Burundian president, Cyprien Ntaryamira. The identity of who shot down President this plane is still a subject of debate and controversy and I will avoid giving my mind on that. You can have yourself answers by looking at who would have been losers and winners of the peace process that was underway in Burundi and Rwanda at the time. However, this single event served as a catalyst for the genocide that was carried out by the Hutu extremists. The genocide involved the systematic killing of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The killing was done by the military, militias, and ordinary citizens. The Hutu-led government played a key role in organizing and directing the genocide, using propaganda to incite the masses and encourage them to participate in the killing.

The genocide lasted for 100 days, from April to July 1994. On April 7, 1994, the genocide began with the assassination of moderate Hutu Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana. Over the next few days, Tutsis and moderate Hutus were targeted for killing, with roadblocks set up to identify and kill Tutsis. The international community and major world powers failed to intervene and stop the genocide, despite clear evidence of the atrocities taking place. The United Nations peacekeeping force in Rwanda, The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) of which Zambia was a part of, was unable to prevent the violence, and on April 21, the UN Security Council even voted to reduce the number of UNAMIR troops in Rwanda. The reasons are many and they range from lack of political will to strategic interests to colonial legacies. By mid-June, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi-led rebel group, had made significant gains, and by July, they had taken control of the country.

Aftermath

The aftermath of the genocide was devastating, with an estimated of over 800,000 people killed and many more injured, traumatized, and displaced. The RPF established a new government, led by President Paul Kagame, and initiated a process of national reconciliation and justice. This process was aimed at addressing the root causes of the genocide, holding perpetrators accountable, and creating a path forward for the country.

One of the first steps in the national reconciliation and justice process was to establish the Gacaca Courts, which were community-based courts aimed at trying those accused of participating in the genocide. The Gacaca Courts were intended to provide justice for victims and their families, while also giving perpetrators an opportunity to confess and seek forgiveness. The courts were successful in trying over one million cases and played a crucial role in the national reconciliation process.

The government also established the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC), which was tasked with promoting unity and reconciliation among the different ethnic groups in the country. The NURC organized a variety of programs and initiatives aimed at promoting reconciliation, such as community dialogues and youth forums.

Another key component of the national reconciliation and justice process was the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), which was set up to prosecute those responsible for the genocide. The ICTR prosecuted several high-profile cases, including that of Jean Kambanda, the former Prime Minister of Rwanda, who served as the Prime Minister during the country's genocide and was appointed by the Interahamwe-dominated government that took power after the assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana. Kambanda was later tried and convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in 1998 becoming the only head of government to have been convicted of genocide by an international tribunal.

In addition to these efforts, the government also invested in education and economic development programs aimed at promoting social and economic inclusion and reducing inequality in the country. These programs were designed to address some of the underlying causes of the genocide, such as poverty and lack of access to education.

Overall, the national reconciliation and justice process in Rwanda was a critical step in the country's journey towards healing and rebuilding. While there is still much work to be done, the efforts of the government and the people of Rwanda have been recognized as a model for other countries facing similar challenges. The process has shown that reconciliation and justice are possible, even in the face of unimaginable violence and suffering, and that they are essential for building a peaceful and prosperous future for all Rwandans.

Figure: Author's presentation of the genocide timeline 

Lessons Learnt

The Rwanda genocide serves as a reminder of the devastating consequences of ethnic and political violence, as well as the importance of international cooperation and intervention in preventing such atrocities from occurring. The genocide also highlights the role of media and propaganda in promoting and encouraging violence. The international community failed to act quickly enough to prevent the genocide, and this has led to a greater emphasis on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, which unfortunately is selective and politicized, has been used as a pretext for military intervention such as in Libya. Lastly, the Rwanda genocide highlights the importance of addressing the root causes of conflict, such as poverty, inequality, and historical injustices, in order to prevent future conflicts.

Conclusion 

In my conclusion, I have come to understand that despite the vast knowledge and resources available to us, humanity still fails to learn history. Time and time again, we see the same mistakes being made, and the same tragic consequences resulting from them. Hate speech, discrimination, inequality, ethnicism, xenophobia, conflicts and wars continue to rear their ugly heads. Although progress has been made in technology and medicine, on conflicts and wars, humanity has shown to be stick-necked and incorrigible. But there's hope! We can still make conscious efforts to learn from the Congo Genocide, Holocaust, Bosnian genocide, Rwandan genocide etc and use that knowledge to shape a better future. Whether it be in our personal lives, our communities, or on a global scale, we can all strive to make progress towards a more peaceful, just, and equitable world. As we commemorate the International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, lets remember the devastating consequences of hatred and violence and highlight the importance of international cooperation and intervention in preventing such atrocities from occurring.

You cannot own a human being! Sooner or later, someone pushes back! - Miss Giddy (Mad Max: Fury Road)

AFTER TWO DECADES OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON ZIMBABWE, ARE THEY JUSTIFIABLE?

Zimbabwe is 42 years old and almost half of that has been lived under economic sanctions. It was refreshing, thus, when African leaders used the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) some few days ago to push for an end to more than 20-year western sanctions on Zimbabwe, arguing that the sanctions are damaging to ordinary people and the region. Senegalese President Macky Sall, the head of the African Union (AU), called for the "immediate lifting of sanctions to allow Zimbabwe to realize its full potential". The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Felix Tshisekedi, who’s also the current leader of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), described the sanctions against Zimbabwe as "a crime against an innocent people.'

According to Kenyan President William Ruto, "the one-sided coercive measures such as those imposed on Zimbabwe not only punish the sovereign equality of nations, but also indiscriminately punish the general citizenry and retain their bitterest sting for innocent hustlers and the weak." South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa demanded (speaking through Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor) "an end to unilateral coercive measures against Zimbabwe which have exacerbated the problems of the Zimbabwean people". Ramaphosa would also in a meeting with US President Joe Biden ask for the lifting of sanctions in Zimbabwe.

These African leaders are on terra firma and I elect to stand with them. A father that stops buying food because he has a bone to chew with his wife isn’t punishing the wife, but mainly the children. Besides chewing bones can be dangerous, no matter what size or what type. Like the famous African proverb, "when elephants fight, it’s the grass that suffers". A miscalculation in the game theory and underplaying the butterfly effect.

Background

After the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement on 21 December 1979, brining to an end of the Second Chimurenga also called the Zimbabwe War of Independence and to the internationally recognition of Zimbabwe from Rhodesia. This also meant the full resumption of direct British rule and the reversal of the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). Independence would be granted on 18 April 1980 with Robert Mugabe becoming the first indigenous Prime Minister.

In the very same 1980, the infamous – or famous depending on which side of the fence you are on – Land Reforms would start with partial funding from the United Kingdom which saw the resettling of around 70,000 black people initially without land on 4,900,000 acres in the new independent Zimbabwe. This was a drop in the proverbial ocean. The US and UK had offered to compensate white citizens for any land sold to aid reconciliation using the "Willing buyer, Willing seller" principle which is a market driven land reform with much support from landowners. However, this failed to right the wrongs made by the historical expropriation and high poverty. In the late 1990s, the then President Robert Mugabe declared the compulsory acquisition of land. Land acquisitions would turn violent in the early 2000s with 7 white farmers being killed and “much larger number of black victims” working on those farmers. This was the watershed moment.

The Zimbabwean economy would suffer a great hit which people like Craig J. Richardson attributing it to the land reforms. The EU, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the US would also place sanctions on Zimbabwe because of ‘the land reforms and the human rights abuses’. Its more than 2 decades now and the leadership in Harare has changed but nothing much has changed on the sanctions despite the standing ovations given to the ousting of Mugabe as president.

Now, dear reader, I’m not Zimbabwean. I have never been to Zimbabwe. I’m not a historian. I'm just a keen student of life and life has many lessons for all of us. I’m just here to critique sanctions as a human rights abuse. I will highlight why I feel that they create the very problem that it envisages to solved. As you read, dear reader, you must also not forget that the objective of the Chimurenga fighters was to reclaim their lands by challenging the IDU and colonialism while also achieving democratic autonomy.

Do Sanctions Work?

States, its agencies and agents including independent great minds have always claimed that the most effective way of bringing a wayward country back into line is by placing economic sanctions on it. The war without guns. Economic sanctions are coordinated restrictions on trade and financial transactions intended to impair economic life within a given territory. Since the end of the cold war, they have been more prevalent.

However, the ethical, political and moral justifications for such measures are seldom interrogated. In Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann Elliott and Barbara Oegg of Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) studied more than 200 economic sanction cases and concluded that only succeeded in 1/3 of all cases. In 2/3 of application, the sanctions had failed to achieve the intended objective. Below I explain the consequences on sanctions on healthcare, education, human rights, and ethics on the recipient country. What history will be written as an outcome of these sanction?

Sanctions Negatively Affects the Healthcare System

Sanctions may not formally ban the exports of medicines; in practice, however, patients are experiencing great difficulty in securing the treatment. This significantly cripple the public healthcare system. And this negates all the progress that had been made in improving quality, leading to a huge economic and social costs which may include disability and lost productivity, and generally low quality of life in the population. All the progress 1980s was severely disrupted and saw the period from the 2000s resulted in a sharp and prolonged decline in health expenditure and increasing health inequalities. For example, neonatal complications, protein energy malnutrition and lower respiratory infections caused 24.64%, 1.85% and 10.27%, respectively, of under 5 deaths in 1999 before sanctions kicked in. 20 years later in 2019, there was an increase to 36.52%, 6.77% and 19.48% in deaths caused by neonatal complications, protein energy malnutrition and lower respiratory infections respectively. Public healthcare across the country is currently grappling with a growing shortage of nurses driven by the search for private jobs and greener pasture, particularly in the UK.

However, when those in leadership get sick, they are flown out to South Africa, India or China to access proper and quality healthcare since the healthcare system back home is dead. They live and die in opulence. And so, do their children and close relations. A travesty.

Sanctions Negatively Affects Education

Because of the country’s failure to trade and access certain resources, schools would lack facilities like electricity, libraries, computers, textbooks, and a good transport network. This is in addition to lack of resources to recruit more teachers and pay the already recruited ones. Inevitably this result in the collapse of the education system. As in every other sector, teachers are leaving the country in search of better opportunities and this brain drain leaves a huge teacher-student ratio. Monica Zembere claimed that between 2000 and 2010, around 80% of secondary schools in Mbire District in Mashonaland Central were staffed by either untrained teachers or primary trained teachers.  Also, many Zimbabweans who emigrate to study do not return to their home country immediately after completing their studies due to better opportunities there. it cannot be overemphasized enough how an educated population is essential to a nation’s prosperity and health democracy.

The elites who are meant to be targeted by the sanctions, however, send their children get an education from abroad. 

Sanctions and the Living Standards

It’s a foregone conclusion that sanctions negatively affects the social sector of the recipient country and ultimately the standard of living. sanctions are a tool covertly and overtly targeting the weakest in society for political ends. Import restrictions disrupts the supply chains for basic goods, including healthcare, education, and quality of life. On the other hand, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their health and well-being, including food and medical care, housing, and the necessary social services. The lack of investment and support in agriculture for a country that has 60% of its population living off agriculture meant that most of the people got pushed into food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty. At 23% food inflation in real terms, Zimbabwe  has the second worst food price increase. only second to Lebanon. This translates into shortages in domestic food supply and declining agricultural production. This is compounded by a lack of foreign currency to import food.

Sanctions are a Violation of Human Rights

Sanctions violates Universal Declaration of Human Rights inherent the dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights. There is discouraging data about their grim impact on the rights and well-being of ordinary and otherwise innocent citizens. If the goal is to improve the lives of the people of a country, systematically impoverishing them is a strange way to go about it. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) called the sanctions ‘brutal and ineffective tool that disproportionately harms the very same people they are enforced to protect’. They went on to say ‘unilateral coercive measures are contrary to the United Nations Charter, International Law, International Humanitarian Law, and the norms and principles governing peaceful relations among States’. Need I say more?

Sanctions are borderline Unethical

While in war there is direct and relatively quick killing, economic sanctions are a slow and painful killer. Imagine dying of hunger which can happen over a period of 60 days or 8 to 21 days if one has no access to drinking water. Slow and painful indeed. Sanctions are thus unethical. More so that they effectively pauperize the most vulnerable (women, children, the sick, the aged etc) and leave political elites barely touched. Using poverty as a tool for politics is morally wrong. The collateral damage caused is unjustified not only to Zimbabweans but also to neighboring countries where some Zimbabweans have gone for better opportunities. Others link the rise in xenophobia in South Africa, with foreign nationals like Zimbabweans coming under violent attack, to the effects of sanctions. Butterfly effect? 

Conclusion

The question of the effectiveness of economic sanctions has already been addressed by Hufbauer et al. Even when it was never answered, what is the agreed measure of success? Change of regime or changes in the behavior of a regime. Like I have repeatedly explained, economic sanctions do not affect those in power, those who make decisions which attracts external anger. No. Sanctions affect and impoverishes the common man. The very same man these sanctions are meant to protect. What is a more travesty is that sanctions just entrenched the political life of the elites. If there is a lesson from all this is that we cannot be talking about improving human rights by depriving people of basic tools to their "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness". Sanctions serve little in effecting their objectives. Thus, they just become symbolic, an academical exercise, meant to show who’s boss in global politics. Or maybe, they are justifiable? What do you think, dear reader?